{
	"name": "audio circuit machinespec biblispec appendum",
	"version": "1.0.8",
	"description": "Analog instruments and audio circuits",
	"status": "A living document of carved wood and soldered circuits",
	"copyright": "(C) 2025 Simon Armstrong",
	"license": {
		"name": "MIT",
		"url": "https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT"
	},
	"repository": {
		"type": "git",
		"url": "https://github.com/nitrologic/biblispec"
	},
	"spec": {
		"instrument-analog":{
			"yidaki": {
				"name": "Yidaki (Didgeridoo)",
				"origin": "Australian Aboriginal (Yolŋu, others)",
				"type": "instrument/drone",
				"components": ["hollowed eucalyptus branch", "beeswax mouthpiece"],
				"description": "Woodwind instrument producing low-frequency drones for songlines and ceremonies; pitch modulated by breath and tongue.",
				"notes": "Tied to Yolŋu manikay and wangga; non-electronic precursor to oscillator-based sound."
			},
			"ipu": {
				"name": "Ipu (Hawaiian Gourd Drum)",
				"origina": "Hawaiian",
				"type": "instrument/percussion",
				"components": ["hollowed gourd", "woven cord"],
				"description": "Double-gourd drum struck or shaken for mele and hula; produces resonant, rhythmic pulses.",
				"notes": "Accompanies pentatonic chants; organic analog to mechanical rhythm generators."
			},
			"pate": {
				"name": "Pate (Tuvaluan Log Drum)",
				"origin": "Tuvaluan",
				"type": "instrument/percussion",
				"components": ["hollowed log", "carved slits"],
				"description": "Log drum with variable pitches for fatele dance-songs; struck with sticks for communal rhythms.",
				"notes": "Similar to Micronesian slit drums; non-electronic rhythm source."
			},
			"pūtātara": {
				"name": "Pūtātara (Māori Conch Horn)",
				"origin": "Māori",
				"type": "instrument/horn",
				"components": ["conch shell", "wooden mouthpiece"],
				"description": "Conch horn producing resonant, single-tone calls for ceremonial or signaling purposes; used in haka and karanga.",
				"notes": "Tied to Māori whakapapa and environmental stewardship",
				"cultural_tags": ["polynesian", "haka", "karanga", "ecological"]
			},
			"kundu": {
				"name": "Kundu (Melanesian Hourglass Drum)",
				"origin": "Melanesian (Papua New Guinea, others)",
				"type": "instrument/percussion",
				"components": ["hollowed wood", "lizard or snake skin", "beeswax tuning"],
				"description": "Hourglass-shaped drum with skin head, struck for ceremonial dances and storytelling; produces varied timbres.",
				"notes": "Used in Tolai (Kuanua) rituals; reflects land-ocean balance, disrupted by environmental changes like invasive species in coastal ecosystems.",
				"cultural_tags": ["melanesian", "ceremonial", "ecological"]
			}
		},
		"audio-circuit":{
			"moog-ladder-filter": {
				"designer": "Robert Moog",
				"name": "Moog Ladder Filter",
				"year": 1965,
				"type": "filter",
				"components": ["4x transistors", "4x capacitors", "feedback resistor"],
				"description": "Four-pole lowpass filter with resonance control."
			},
			"stylophone": {
				"designer": "Brian Jarvis",
				"name": "Stylophone Reed Oscillator",
				"year": 1968,
				"type": "instrument/keyboard",
				"components": ["metal reeds", "stylus contact", "transistor amplifier"],
				"description": "Pocket electronic organ using physical metal reeds contacted by stylus"
			},
			"crystal-radio": {
				"designer": "Greenleaf Whittier Pickard",
				"name": "Crystal Radio Detector",
				"year": 1906,
				"type": "receiver/detector",
				"components": ["galena crystal", "cat's whisker wire", "tuning coil"],
				"description": "Passive AM radio receiver using mineral crystal rectification."
			},
			"ring-modulator": {
				"designer": "Harald Bode",
				"name": "Ring Modulator",
				"year": 1934,
				"type": "modulator",
				"components": ["transformer", "4x diodes (ring)", "carrier oscillator"],
				"description": "Amplitude modulator creating metallic 'robot voice' effects; used in sci-fi films and experimental music."
			},
			"buchla-lowpass-gate": {
				"designer": "Don Buchla",
				"name": "Buchla Lowpass Gate",
				"year": 1966,
				"type": "filter/vca",
				"components": ["vactrol (LED+LDR)", "op-amp", "control voltage input"],
				"description": "Combined VCA and filter using light-dependent resistor; creates organic 'breathing' envelope effects."
			},
			"tape-echo": {
				"designer": "Les Paul",
				"name": "Tape Echo/Delay",
				"year": 1950,
				"type": "delay/effect",
				"components": ["tape loop", "record head", "playback head", "motor drive"],
				"description": "Mechanical delay using continuous tape loop with multiple playback heads; created iconic slapback echo."
			},
			"stepped-tone-generator": {
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "Stepped Tone Generator",
				"year": 1980,
				"source": "Engineer's Notebook (Radio Shack, 1980)",
				"type": "noise-generator",
				"components": ["2x 555 timers", "potentiometers", "speaker"],
				"description": "Dual-555 stepped tone generator producing video game-like sound effects.",
				"notes": "Later dubbed 'Atari Punk Console' by DIY electronics community."
			},
			"theremin": {
				"designer": "Léon Theremin",
				"name": "Theremin",
				"year": 1920,
				"type": "instrument/oscillator",
				"components": ["vacuum tubes", "antennas", "oscillators"],
				"description": "Gesture-controlled electronic instrument using heterodyning for pitch/volume; earliest fully electronic sound generator.",
				"notes": "Pioneered capacitive sensing for sound modulation."
			},
			"tonewheel-organ": {
				"designer": "Laurens Hammond",
				"name": "Hammond Tonewheel Organ",
				"year": 1934,
				"type": "instrument/electromechanical",
				"components": ["rotating tonewheels", "electromagnetic pickups", "drawbars"],
				"description": "Electromechanical organ generating tones via spinning wheels and pickups; precursor to additive synthesis.",
				"notes": "Used in early arcades and influenced sampled sound tech."
			},
			"novachord": {
				"designer": "Hammond Organ Company",
				"name": "Novachord",
				"year": 1939,
				"type": "instrument/synth",
				"components": ["vacuum tubes (over 150)", "divide-down oscillators", "envelope generators"],
				"description": "First polyphonic synthesizer with vibrato and filters; vacuum-tube based tone shaping.",
				"notes": "Produced only ~1,000 units; used in film scores."
			},
			"clavioline": {
				"designer": "Constant Martin",
				"name": "Clavioline",
				"year": 1947,
				"type": "instrument/keyboard",
				"components": ["vacuum tubes", "vibrato circuit", "knee-lever volume control"],
				"description": "Portable monophonic keyboard synth with vibrato effects; attached to pianos for electronic tones.",
				"notes": "Featured in hits like 'Telstar' (1962); transistor versions followed."
			},
			"transistor-amp": {
				"designer": "Sidney Darlington",
				"name": "Darlington Transistor Amplifier",
				"year": 1953,
				"type": "amplifier",
				"components": ["Darlington pair transistors", "resistors", "capacitors"],
				"description": "Early transistor-based audio amplifier using paired transistors for high gain; replaced vacuum tubes in portable audio.",
				"notes": "Patented at Bell Labs; enabled compact, low-power audio in games."
			},
			"pinball":{
				"designer": "Gottlieb",
				"name": "Pinball Chime Circuit",
				"year": 1960,
				"description": "Electro-mechanical chime and bell system driven by transistor switches and RC timing networks in pinball machines."
			},
			"defender": {
				"designer": "Williams Electronics",
				"name": "Defender Audio Board",
				"year": 1981,
				"type": "arcade/sound-board",
				"components": ["PIA (6821)", "DAC", "HC55536 (speech)", "ROM"],
				"description": "Hybrid board for effects and speech; foundational for early Williams arcades.",
				"variants": [
					"Joust (1982): Added effects ROM",
					"Sinistar (1983): Enhanced speech synthesis"
				],
				"notes": "Shared architecture in 1980s games but evolved later (e.g., YM2151 in 1990s)."
			},
			"vu-meter":{
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "LED Audio VU Meter",
				"type": "analog/visualizer",
				"components": ["LM3914", "LEDs"],
				"description": "Bar-graph display for audio levels."
			},
			"opamp-tone":{
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "Op-Amp Tone Generator",
				"type": "oscillator",
				"components": ["LM741", "RC network"],
				"description": "Adjustable sine/square wave output."
			},
			"mini-piano":{
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "Mini Electronic Piano",
				"year": 1977,
				"source": "Engineer's Mini-Notebook: 555 Timer Circuits (Radio Shack, 1977)",
				"type": "keyboard/synth",
				"components": ["555 timer (NE555)","8x resistors (keyboard)","0.1μF capacitor","8Ω speaker","9V battery"],
				"description": "Simple resistive keyboard with 8 notes."
			},
			"light-theremin": {
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "Light-Controlled Theremin",
				"year": 1983,
				"source": "Getting Started in Electronics",
				"type": "sensor/synth",
				"components": ["LDR", "555 timer", "speaker"],
				"description": "Pitch modulated by ambient light. From 'Getting Started in Electronics' (1983)."
			},
		   "led-organ": {
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "LED Photophonic Organ",
				"year": 1983,
				"source": "Getting Started in Electronics",
				"type": "keyboard/synth",
				"components": ["LEDs", "LDRs", "555 timer"],
				"description": "Optical keyboard using LED-to-LDR pairs for note generation."
			},
			"white-noise": {
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "White Noise Generator",
				"year": 1980,
				"source": "Engineer's Notebook (Radio Shack, 1980)",
				"type": "noise-source",
				"components": ["Zener diode (1N753A, 6.2V)","Transistor (2N3904)","Op-amp (LM741)"],
				"description": "Broadband noise output for audio testing."
			},
			"baxandall-eq": {
				"designer": "Forrest M. Mims III",
				"name": "Baxandall Tone Control",
				"type": "filter",
				"components": ["op-amp", "potentiometers", "capacitors"],
				"year": 1980,
				"description": "Active bass/treble control circuit."
			},
			"zx81-sound": {
				"designer": "Sinclair Research",
				"name": "ZX81 Audio Circuit",
				"year": 1981,
				"type": "computer/audio",
				"components": ["speaker", "transistor"],
				"description": "1-bit sound via TV output."
			}
		}
	}
}